Medical terminology made easy fourth edition pathsways

Pain: Current Understanding of Assessment, Management, and Treatments. p281At this point in pain processing, perception of the pain experience is influenced by social and environmental cues, as well as by cultural conditioning and past personal experiences. It depends on the transmission of pain signals through the thalamus to the cortex and limbic system. Perception of pain is the awareness-typically an uncomfortable awareness-associated with a specific area of the body. 45 Wall and MelzackвЂ™s Textbook of Pain, 5th Edition. p1-2 The current view is that signals originating in the brain can both inhibit and facilitate pain signal transmission. Pain Inhibits Pain: an Ascending-Descending Pain Modulation Pathway Linking Mesolimbic and Classical Descending Mechanisms. The gate control theory, advanced by Melzack and Wall, focused on descending pathways from the brain to the spinal cord that inhibited pain signaling. p277 Many of these signals never reach consciousness because they are dampened by intrinsic modulatory activity within the central nervous system. Pain modulation refers to up or down regulation of pain signals throughout the spinal cord and the brain. From here, neurons project to the brainstem, thalamus, and hypothalamus, as well as to reflex arcs to mediate an avoidance response. Primary nociceptive sensory nerve fibers, synapse with second-order neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. P6 Signals are transmitted along the axons of nociceptors. Reston, VA: National Pharmaceutical Council 2001. 41 National Pharmaceutical Council and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Transmission is the process of transferring pain information from the peripheral to the central nervous system. 40 National Pharmaceutical Council and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. This occurs at the ends of sensory nerve cells known as nociceptors whose terminals are sensitive to this type of activation. Transduction occurs when a stimulus, such as pressure, thermal energy, or chemical irritation, is converted into a nerve signal or action potential. The Perception and Endogenous Modulation of Pain. This capacity to modulate signaling may account, in part, for wide variations in pain perception between different individuals who sustain the same injury. p10 At every point in the process, the intensity and propagation of pain signals can be either inhibited or facilitated by neural pathways. 38 National Pharmaceutical Council and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. The neurophysiologic underpinnings of pain can be divided into four stages: transduction, transmission, pain modulation, and perception. The four steps of pain signaling and processing Part III: Pain Terms, A Current List with Definitions and Notes on Usage. Nociceptive pain occurs as a result of the activation of the peripheral nervous system by noxious stimuli, such as inflammation caused by peripheral injury or disease.

Medical terminology made easy fourth edition pathsways